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Dependent-marking language
A language is dependent-marking if grammatical markers of agreement and case government between the words of phrases tend to appear more on dependents than on heads. The distinction between head-marking and dependent-marking was first explored by Johanna Nichols in 1986,〔See Nichols (1986, 1992).〕 and has since become a central criterion in language typology, whereby languages are classified according to whether they are more head-marking or dependent-marking. Many languages employ both head and dependent-marking, some employ double-marking, and yet others employ zero-marking. However, it is not clear that the head of a clause has anything to do with the head of a noun phrase, or even what the head of a clause is.
==Dependent-marking in English==
English has few inflectional markers of agreement, which means it can be construed as zero-marking much of the time. Dependent-marking in English is visible, however, in a few constellations: when a singular/plural noun demands the singular/plural form of the demonstrative determiner ''this/these'' or ''that/those'' and when a verb or preposition demands the subject or object form of a personal pronoun, e.g. ''I/me'', ''he/him'', ''she/her'', ''they/them''. The following representations of dependency grammar illustrate some of these constellations:〔Dependency grammar trees similar to the ones that appear here can be found en masse in Ágel et al. (2003/6).〕
:Dependent marking 1
Plural nouns in English demand the plural form of a dependent demonstrative determiner, and prepositions demand the object form of a dependent personal pronoun.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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